一、確立主干
1、確立主語(yǔ)
(1)避免主語(yǔ)機械對應
這個(gè)地區雨比較多。
It rains a lot in this area.
(2)方位詞或時(shí)間詞在主語(yǔ)位置
山下住著(zhù)一位老婦人。
There lives an old lady at the foot of the mountain.
(3)用it做主語(yǔ)翻譯主語(yǔ)是復合結構的漢語(yǔ)
信不信是你的事。
It is your concern whether you believe me or not.
*好是等他們回來(lái)。
It is advisable to wait till they come back.
勤能補拙
It is diligence that makes for deficiency.
2、確立謂語(yǔ):英語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞通常只能由某個(gè)動(dòng)詞或者系表結構擔任
在人際關(guān)系上我們不要太浪漫主義。
We shouldn't be too romantic about personal relationship.
當他活著(zhù)*,總要盡量多工作、多學(xué)習,不肯虛度年華,不讓時(shí)間白白地浪費掉。
As long as he is living, he always works and studies as hard as possible, unwilling to dream his life away, let alone waste even a single moment of life.

二、語(yǔ)序調整
1、定語(yǔ)的位置:英語(yǔ)中,單詞充當定語(yǔ)時(shí)多為前置,短語(yǔ)和從句充當定語(yǔ)時(shí)多為后置。
釣魚(yú)是一項能陶冶性情的運動(dòng),有益于身心健康。
Fishing is an outdoor sport that can cultivate your mind and it is good for your mental and physical health.
2、狀語(yǔ)的位置
他是1970年5月20日在北京朝陽(yáng)區出生的。
He was born in Chaoyang District of Beijing on May 20, 1970.
3、漢英語(yǔ)言敘事重心不同:漢語(yǔ)先敘事,后表態(tài)或評論,以突出話(huà)題,這叫主題句。漢譯英有時(shí)會(huì )譯為掉尾句,即先表態(tài)或評論,后敘事,以突出主語(yǔ)。
萬(wàn)一有什么困難,給我們一個(gè)信。
Send us a message in case you have any difficulty.
4、漢英語(yǔ)言強弱詞語(yǔ)的順序不同:英語(yǔ)遵循前輕后重,前簡(jiǎn)后繁的原則。
一霎時(shí),一陣被人摒棄,為世所遺忘的悲憤兜上心頭,禁不住痛哭起來(lái)。
In no time, I was thrown into a feeling of sorrowful anger at being forgotten and abandoned by the rest of the world and could not help crying my heart out.
5、否定的轉移
不是所有的金屬都具有同樣好的導電性能。
All metals do not conduct electricity equally well.
我的朋友都不吸煙。
None of my friends smoke.
6、習慣用法
衣食住行是老百姓關(guān)心的大問(wèn)題。
Food, clothing, shelter and transportation are the biggest concern of the common people.
他饑寒交迫,吃了不少苦。
He suffered a great deal from cold and hunger.

三、正反互換
1、漢語(yǔ)正說(shuō),英語(yǔ)反譯
那個(gè)房間的窗戶(hù)總是關(guān)著(zhù)的。
The windows of that room were never open.
2、漢語(yǔ)反說(shuō),英語(yǔ)反譯
漢語(yǔ)用"無(wú)、不、沒(méi)、非"等詞表示全部否定,在英語(yǔ)中可用no, not, none, nothing, nor, neither等詞以及否定前綴、后綴等來(lái)對應翻譯。
學(xué)習外語(yǔ)離不開(kāi)好的詞典。
A good dictionary is indispensable for learning a foreign language.
漢語(yǔ)用"決不、永不、從不"等詞表示*否定,在英語(yǔ)中可用never, not at all, by no means等進(jìn)行對譯。
在任何情況下我們都不應該放棄希望。
Under no circumstances should we give up our hope.
漢語(yǔ)用"并非總是""不是太"等表示部分否定,在英語(yǔ)中可用not every, not much, not always等進(jìn)行對譯。
漢語(yǔ)中用"幾乎不、很少"等表示半否定,在英語(yǔ)中可用barely, hardly, seldom等進(jìn)行對譯。
3、漢語(yǔ)反說(shuō),英語(yǔ)正譯:英語(yǔ)中有一類(lèi)詞形式上是肯定的,但意義上是否定的,在翻譯漢語(yǔ)否定句時(shí),可以直接使用。
生活遠非凈是樂(lè )事。
Life is far from being a bed of roses.
風(fēng)景美得無(wú)以言表。
The scenery is too beautiful to describe.
4、雙重否定的翻譯:漢譯英的雙重否定用"否定詞+not"來(lái)處理。
沒(méi)有你的幫助,我是不能按時(shí)完成這一工作的。
But for your help, I should not have finished the work in time.
人不會(huì )不犯錯誤。
It is impossible but that a man will make some mistakes.

四、語(yǔ)態(tài)對譯
1、漢語(yǔ)中的許多隱性被動(dòng)結構在英譯文中藥轉為顯性。
推薦我的是一位教授。
I was recommended by a professor.
2、漢語(yǔ)泛稱(chēng)如"有人"、"大家"等做主語(yǔ)時(shí),英譯時(shí)多使用被動(dòng)結構;含有"據說(shuō)"等不定人稱(chēng)的詞語(yǔ)時(shí),通常比較固定的用被動(dòng)結構進(jìn)行英譯中。
3、漢語(yǔ)表示被動(dòng)的句子在譯為英語(yǔ)時(shí),也可能轉為主動(dòng)句:一是表示"開(kāi)始"、"結束"意義的不及物動(dòng)詞;二是表示"移位"、"運轉"意義的動(dòng)詞;三是無(wú)靈主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行時(shí)。
蔬菜正在鍋里做著(zhù)。
The vegetables are cooking.

五、長(cháng)句翻譯
1、原序對譯:針對單一主語(yǔ)長(cháng)句,關(guān)鍵是分清邏輯中心和層次。
我在山坡的小屋里,悄悄掀起窗簾,窺見(jiàn)園中大千世界,一片喧鬧。
Without being noticed, I lifted the curtain of my small room, only to spy a bustle of a kaleidoscopic world down in the garden.
*為常見(jiàn)的是,一個(gè)人走著(zhù)走著(zhù)突然停下來(lái),眼睛盯著(zhù)手機屏幕發(fā)短信,他不在乎停在馬路中還是廁所旁邊。
We are very familiar with the scene when a person suddenly stopped his/her steps to edit short messages with eyes glued at the phone, not caring about his/her stopping in the road center or beside the restroom.
2、分句合譯
它們幾乎沒(méi)有一個(gè)顧得上抬起頭來(lái),看一眼這美麗的黃昏。
Hardly any of them cares to look up and throws a glance at the beautiful twilight.
一個(gè)人的生命究竟有多大意義,這有什么標準可以衡量嗎?
Could there be any standards to evaluate the meaning of one’s life?
3、斷句分譯
一個(gè)春天的傍晚,園中百花怒放,父母在園中設宴,霎時(shí)賓客云集,笑語(yǔ)四溢。
One spring evening, my parents held a banquet in the garden where all sorts of flowers were in full bloom. Instantly, a crowd of guests gathered together and their laughter was heard all over there.

六、無(wú)主句 但是,大體上看一個(gè)人對待生命的態(tài)度是否嚴肅認真,看待他對待工作、生活的態(tài)度如何,也就不難對這個(gè)人的存在意義做出適當的估計了。 However, if we, on the whole, can find out whether his attitude towards his life is serious or not and what is his attitude towards his life and work, it would not be difficult to make an appropriate evaluation of the meaning of one’s life.